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Course Content
Intro About Course
This **Class 10 Science and Technology** course is tailored for school-level students and strictly follows the official syllabus issued by the [Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) Nepal](https://moest.gov.np/cdc) for the academic year **B.S. 2078**. Aligned with the subject code **SCT.008**, this course ensures that learners grasp key concepts, prepare effectively for exams, and gain practical scientific knowledge. It includes updated topics based on the latest **CDC Nepal curriculum**, making it ideal for students aiming for academic excellence in the **Class 10 board examination**. 👉 For a detailed unit-wise breakdown, visit our [Class 10 Science Full Syllabus Page](#) (Replace `#` with the internal page URL) This course is suitable for self-study, school use, or as a revision tool, offering clear explanations, diagrams, and sample questions. Stay ahead in your learning with the most trusted and structured **Class 10 Science and Technology course in Nepal**. Official Syllabus PDF You can download the official syllabus directly from the CDC Nepal website: Download Class 10 Science and Technology Syllabus (PDF) Course Units Overview The Class 10 Science and Technology curriculum is structured into several units, each focusing on different scientific concepts. While the exact unit titles and content may vary, the syllabus typically includes the following areas:
1. Scentific Learning
After comletion of this topic, students will be able to : 1.1 - investigate independent variable, dependent variable, and control variablein scientific research and mention importance of control variable. 1.2 - differetiate between fundamental and derived units. 1.3 - to investigate the fundamental units involved in derived unit. 1.4 - to use the fundamental units in physical equation to examine their homogeneity.
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1.1 – 🎓 Variables in Scientific Research
⚖️ 1.2 – Differentiate Between Fundamental and Derived Units
⚗️ 1.3 – Investigate the Fundamental Units Involved in Derived Units
📐 1.4 – Use Fundamental Units in Physical Equations to Examine Their Homogeneity
🧠 Quiz Title: "Mastering Variables in Scientific Research" (Understanding Independent, Dependent & Control Variables)
00:10:00
Short Answer
00:02:00
SEE MCQ-Quiz: Scientific Learning
2. Classification of Living Beings
Upon completion of this topic, the students will be able to : 2.1 -classify plants and animals on the basis of five-kingdom classification system and explain the characteristics of each division (of plants) and phylum (of animals) with examples. 2.2 -classify the subdivision angiosperms upto the class and compare their classes. 2.3 -classify the sub-phylum vertebrata upto the class and compare their classes. 2.4 -describe the relationship between classification of living beings and their evolution.
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Classification of Living Things – Complete Notes
SEE MCB Quiz: Classification of Living Beings
3. Honey Bee
Upon completion of this topic, the students will be able to : 3.1 describe the life cycle of a honeybee. 3.2 explain the importance of honeybees.
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Honeybee – Life Cycle and Importance
Heridity
Heredity is the process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. It explains why children resemble their parents and why certain diseases or features run in families. After studing this topic (Heridity) students are able to learn and understand about to : -explain about concept and importance of Mitosis and Meiosis Cell Division. - introduce chromosome and gene. -differentiate between DNA and RNA on the basis of structure and function. And to tell Importance of DNA Test in different research. - explain the role of sex chromosome in sex determination of human. - explain Mendel's Laws related to monohybrid cross. -introduce Genetic Technology, and its uses related to research.
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4.1 🧫 Cell Division
Cell Division Quiz Test
00:10:00
4.2 Genes & Chromosomes
4.3 RNA and DNA
Test Your Knowledge on DNA
00:10:00
🌱 Mendel’s Laws in Monohybrid Cross
Understanding Mendel’s Laws through Monohybrid Cross
00:10:00
🧬 Role of Sex Chromosomes in Sex Determination (Humans)
Test Your Understanding on Sex Determination in Humans
00:10:00
🧬 Introduction to Genetic Technology & Its Uses in Research
Test your understanding of genetic technology
00:10:00
Physiological Structure and Life Process
The human body is a complex system made up of various physiological structures that work together to sustain life. These structures include organs, tissues, and systems like the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and excretory systems. Each life process—such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli—is carried out by specialized organs and systems. These life processes are essential for: Maintaining homeostasis (internal balance), Providing energy, Removing waste, Ensuring survival and reproduction. For example: The digestive system breaks down food for energy, The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide, The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen, The nervous system helps in control and coordination. Together, these physiological structures and life processes form the foundation of biological function, allowing organisms to live, adapt, and interact with their environment.
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Human Blood Circulatory System -part 1
Test Your Understanding on Blood Circulation in the Human Body
00:10:00
HBCS – Part 2 (Blood Group & Related diseases
📝 Quiz: Blood Group & BCS-related Diseases
00:10:00
Motion and Force
After completion of this topic, the students will be able: - state the universal law of gravitation and solve numericals problems related to it. - define acceleration due to gravity and express its relation to the distance between the surface and center of earth. - introduce gravity and calculate the weight of a body. - introduce the concept of free fall. - describe the effect of air resistance on falling objects and investigate its advantage in daily life.
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Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Acceleration Due to Gravity (g)
Gravity and Weight of a Body
Free Fall
SEE QUIZ- Force and Motion
Pressure
Upon completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1.State and demonstrate Pascal's law and investigate its use in daily life. 2.Introduce upthrust in liquid and gas. 3.State and demonstrate Archimedes' principle and investigate its usein daily life.
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⚗️ Pascal’s Law
🌊 Upthrust in Liquid and Gas
⚓ Archimedes’ Principle
Heat
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1.Introduce thermal energy, heat and temperature. 2. Explain the effect of heat on the molecular motion and change in the volume of abody and investigate the importance of anomalous expansion of water. 3. Introduce specific heat capacity of different bodoies and solve simple numerical problems related to it. 4.provide a brief description of the working principles of a laboratory thermometer, a digital clinical thermometer, and a radiation thermometer; and demonstrate the calibration of a thermometer through experimentation.
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🌡️ Lesson: Heat, Temperature, and Measurement
🔹 MCQ Quiz: Heat, Temperature, and Measurement
00:07:00
Wave
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. explain the concept of wave refraction and demonstrate the laws of refraction. 2. introduce total internal reflection(TIR) of waves and explain the importance of TIR in sound and light wave applications. 3. demonstrate the dispersion of light and identify its practical applications in daily life. 4. define terms related to lenses and illustrate the laws of refraction by a lens using diagrams. 5. demonstrate the process of forming an image of an object through a lens and describe the features of the resulting image. 6.define optical power and explain the relationship between the lens and curve and its power. 7. describe the process of image formation in the human eye, accompanied by a diagram. 8. describe the types, causes, and correction of vision defects, supported by diagrams. 9. mention the effects of injury to the cornea on vision and introduce problems such as night blindness, cataracts, and colour blindness.
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1. 🌈 Lesson: Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, and Dispersion of Light
🧠 MCQ Set: Refraction, TIR, and Dispersion of Light
00:15:00
2. Lenses and Image Formation
Lenses and Image Formation
00:15:00
3. The Human Eye and Vision Defects
The Human Eye and Vision Defects
00:15:00
Electricity and Magnetism
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce direct current and alternating current. 2. demonstrate and sketch the diagram of the magnetic field formed around a straight wire and a solenoid with an electric current in them. 3. introduce magnetic lines of force and magnetic flux. 4.introduce the motor effect and describe its use in daily life. 5. mention Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and explain the working process of dynamo and generator based on it. 6. state the structure, working method, and importance of a transformer and solve simple numerical problems based on it.
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Electricity and Magnetism – Complete Concept Notes
✅ MCQ Set (25 Questions) Electricity & Magnetism
00:25:00
Universe
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. mention the importance of gravitational force in the universe. 2. describe the origin of the universe based on the Big Bang Theory. 3. state the conclusion of Hubbel's study related to the motion of heavenly bodies. 4. write about the future of the universe based on the law of gravitation.
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The Universe – Gravitational Force, Big Bang Theory & Future of the Cosmos
MCQ SET – Universe (20 Questions)
Information and Communication Technology(ICT)
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 13.1. introduce the types of signals and use of the digital signals in our everyday life. 13.2. mention the differences between bit and bytes. 13.3. explain the mecanism of digital signal transmission with examples. 13.4. discuss some responsibilities of netizens, online reputation and digital wellbeing. 13.5. discuss the importance of multimedia in the classroom.
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ICT – Digital Signals, Netizenship & Multimedia in Learning
MCQ SET – ICT
00:30:00
SEE Practice Quiz: ICT
Classification of Elements
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. demonstrate the understanding of modern periodic table. 2. describe the interrelation between the elements of certain groups and periods based on their atomic size, electropositivity, electronegativity, valency, and reactivity. 3. explain the classification of elements in the modern periodic table. 4. explain the position of metals, non-metals, and metalloids in the modern periodic table. 5. write the electronic configuration of elements up to the atomic number 20 on the basis of subshell.
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Classification of Elements — Modern Periodic Table
MCQ SET – Classification of Elements (40 Questions)
SEE MCQ Quiz :Classification of Elements
Chemical Reaction
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. describe the types of chemical reactions with examples. 2.explain and demonstrate experimentally the factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions.
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Chemical Reactions — Types and Rate of Reaction
MCQ SET: Chemical Reactions (25 Questions)
🔥 Higher-Order Thinking MCQs – Chemical Reactions
Gases
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. describe the methods of preparation of carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases in the laboratory and mention their properties. 2. describe the importance(utility) of carbon dioxide and ammonia. 3. explain the causes, effects, and control measures of acid rain. 4. describe the causes, consequences of greenhouse effects, and explain the measures to minimize the effects.
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Gases
MCQs – Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
MCQs – Ammonia (NH₃)
20 MCQs – Whole Lesson on Gases
⭐ HOTS MCQ Set – Gases
Metals and Non-Metals
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce minerals and ores. 2. tell the name of the main ores of iron, copper, silver, and aluinium. explain the process of extraction of metals from their ores briefly.
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Metals and Non-Metals
📌 SEE MCQ Quiz – Metal and Non-metal
Hydrocarbon and its compounds
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce hydrocarbon with examples. 2. write IUPAC name, molecular structure and uses of hydrocarbons having carbon atom 1 to 4. 3. differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. 4. write the types and molecular formulae of alcohol based on the number of hydroxyl group (-OH). 5. investigate the uses of alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and glycerol.
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Hydrocarbon and its compounds
SEE MCQ: Hydrocarbon and Its Compound
Chemicals Used in Daily Life
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce food preservatives and tell their proper uses. 2. introduce the chemicals used for cleanliness and mention their proper uses. 3. tell the precautions to be taken while storing and using different poisonous chemicals. 4. investigate the industrial chemicals that causes chemical pollution and describe their control measures.
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Chemicals Used in Daily Life: Food Preservatives, Cleaning Chemicals, Safety Precautions & Industrial Chemical Pollution – Class 10 Science Notes
📌 MCQ Set – Chemicals Used in Daily Life
SEE MCQ: Chemicals Used in Daily Life
Class – 10 (Science and Technology)

Lesson Notes: GASES

1. Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia and Their Properties

1.1 Preparation of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) in the Laboratory

Principle:
A metal carbonate reacts with a dilute acid to produce CO₂ gas.

Common Method:

Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide

  • Chemical Reaction:

  • Apparatus: Conical flask, thistle funnel, delivery tube, gas jar.

  • Procedure:

    1. Put marble chips (CaCO₃) in the conical flask.

    2. Add dilute HCl through the thistle funnel.

    3. CO₂ is produced and collected by downward delivery (since CO₂ is heavier than air).

1.2 Properties of Carbon Dioxide

  • Physical Properties:

    • Colourless and odourless gas

    • Slightly soluble in water

    • Denser than air

    • Turns lime water milky (forms insoluble CaCO₃)

  • Chemical Properties:

    • Non-combustible (does not burn)

    • Does not support burning

    • Reacts with metal oxides to form carbonates

    • Forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water

Practice : MCQs – Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

1.3 Preparation of Ammonia (NH₃) in the Laboratory

Principle:
A mixture of ammonium salt and a strong alkali is heated to produce ammonia gas.

Common Reaction:

Procedure:

Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia

  1. A mixture of ammonium chloride and slaked lime is heated in a flask.

  2. Ammonia gas is formed and collected by upward delivery (lighter than air).

  3. Use drying agent CaO to remove moisture (NH₃ dissolves in water).

1.4 Properties of Ammonia

  • Physical Properties:

    • Colourless gas with a sharp, pungent smell

    • Extremely soluble in water (forms ammonium hydroxide)

    • Lighter than air

  • Chemical Properties:

    • Basic in nature

    • Turns red litmus blue

    • Combusts in oxygen to give nitrogen and water

    • Reacts with HCl gas to produce dense white fumes of ammonium chloride

2. Importance / Utility of Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia

2.1 Uses of Carbon Dioxide

  • Used in fire extinguishers

  • Used in carbonated beverages (cold drinks)

  • Dry ice (solid CO₂) is used for refrigeration

  • Essential for photosynthesis in plants

  • Used in welding and chemical industries

2.2 Uses of Ammonia

  • Used in manufacturing fertilisers (urea, ammonium sulfate)

  • Used in the production of nitric acid

  • Used as a refrigerant

  • Cleaning agent in households (ammonium hydroxide)

  • Used in the textile, plastic, and pharmaceutical industries

Practice :MCQs – Ammonia (NH₃)

3. Acid Rain: Causes, Effects, and Control Measures

3.1 Causes of Acid Rain

Acid rain forms when acidic gases dissolve in rainwater.
Major pollutants:

  • Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from industries, brick kilns, and fossil fuel burning

  • Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) from vehicles, power plants

  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂) contributes weakly to acidity

These gases react with water vapour to form:

  • Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

  • Nitric acid (HNO₃)

3.2 Effects of Acid Rain

  • Damages buildings (especially marble monuments)

  • Reduces soil fertility

  • Harms aquatic ecosystems (fish die due to pH change)

  • Affects plant growth

  • Corrodes metals and infrastructure

  • Causes respiratory problems in humans

3.3 Control Measures

  • Use low-sulfur fuels

  • Install scrubbers in industries and power plants

  • Promote electric vehicles and public transport

  • Use renewable energy sources

  • Reforestation and afforestation

  • Strict emission regulations

4. Greenhouse Effect: Causes, Consequences, and Control Measures

4.1 Causes of the Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect occurs due to excessive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Major greenhouse gases:

  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

  • Methane (CH₄)

  • Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

  • Water vapor

  • CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)

Human activities that increase greenhouse gases:

  • Burning fossil fuels

  • Deforestation

  • Industrial pollution

  • Excessive agriculture (cattle farming emits methane)

  • Use of refrigerators and ACs (CFC leakage)

4.2 Consequences / Effects of the Greenhouse Effect

  • Global warming

  • Melting of glaciers and rising sea levels

  • Unpredictable weather and climate change

  • Increase in natural disasters (floods, droughts, cyclones)

  • Extinction of species

  • Reduced agricultural productivity

4.3 Measures to Minimise Greenhouse Effect

  • Reduce fossil fuel use

  • Promote solar, wind, and hydropower

  • Plant more trees (afforestation)

  • Use energy-efficient appliances

  • Reduce, reuse, recycle

  • Minimise the use of CFC-based products

  • Practice sustainable agriculture

Practice :20 MCQs – Whole Lesson on Gases

Conclusion (SEO-Friendly)

Understanding the preparation, properties, and uses of gases like carbon dioxide and ammonia helps students connect chemistry with everyday life. Likewise, learning about acid rain and the greenhouse effect builds environmental awareness and encourages sustainable practices. These notes provide clear, exam-focused explanations for NEB/SEE students.

Practice: ⭐ HOTS MCQ Set – Gases

You Can Also Read:

  1. Electricity and Magnetism – Complete Concept Notes
  2. The Universe – Gravitational Force, Big Bang Theory & Future of the Cosmos
  3. Class – 10 (Science and Technology)
  4. Class 11 Physics (NEB) – Complete Course with Notes, Numericals, and MCQs
  5. CDC library online
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