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Echoes Within

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Course Content
Intro About Course
This **Class 10 Science and Technology** course is tailored for school-level students and strictly follows the official syllabus issued by the [Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) Nepal](https://moest.gov.np/cdc) for the academic year **B.S. 2078**. Aligned with the subject code **SCT.008**, this course ensures that learners grasp key concepts, prepare effectively for exams, and gain practical scientific knowledge. It includes updated topics based on the latest **CDC Nepal curriculum**, making it ideal for students aiming for academic excellence in the **Class 10 board examination**. 👉 For a detailed unit-wise breakdown, visit our [Class 10 Science Full Syllabus Page](#) (Replace `#` with the internal page URL) This course is suitable for self-study, school use, or as a revision tool, offering clear explanations, diagrams, and sample questions. Stay ahead in your learning with the most trusted and structured **Class 10 Science and Technology course in Nepal**. Official Syllabus PDF You can download the official syllabus directly from the CDC Nepal website: Download Class 10 Science and Technology Syllabus (PDF) Course Units Overview The Class 10 Science and Technology curriculum is structured into several units, each focusing on different scientific concepts. While the exact unit titles and content may vary, the syllabus typically includes the following areas:
1. Scentific Learning
After comletion of this topic, students will be able to : 1.1 - investigate independent variable, dependent variable, and control variablein scientific research and mention importance of control variable. 1.2 - differetiate between fundamental and derived units. 1.3 - to investigate the fundamental units involved in derived unit. 1.4 - to use the fundamental units in physical equation to examine their homogeneity.
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1.1 – 🎓 Variables in Scientific Research
⚖️ 1.2 – Differentiate Between Fundamental and Derived Units
⚗️ 1.3 – Investigate the Fundamental Units Involved in Derived Units
📐 1.4 – Use Fundamental Units in Physical Equations to Examine Their Homogeneity
🧠 Quiz Title: "Mastering Variables in Scientific Research" (Understanding Independent, Dependent & Control Variables)
00:10:00
Short Answer
00:02:00
SEE MCQ-Quiz: Scientific Learning
2. Classification of Living Beings
Upon completion of this topic, the students will be able to : 2.1 -classify plants and animals on the basis of five-kingdom classification system and explain the characteristics of each division (of plants) and phylum (of animals) with examples. 2.2 -classify the subdivision angiosperms upto the class and compare their classes. 2.3 -classify the sub-phylum vertebrata upto the class and compare their classes. 2.4 -describe the relationship between classification of living beings and their evolution.
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Classification of Living Things – Complete Notes
SEE MCB Quiz: Classification of Living Beings
3. Honey Bee
Upon completion of this topic, the students will be able to : 3.1 describe the life cycle of a honeybee. 3.2 explain the importance of honeybees.
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Honeybee – Life Cycle and Importance
Heridity
Heredity is the process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. It explains why children resemble their parents and why certain diseases or features run in families. After studing this topic (Heridity) students are able to learn and understand about to : -explain about concept and importance of Mitosis and Meiosis Cell Division. - introduce chromosome and gene. -differentiate between DNA and RNA on the basis of structure and function. And to tell Importance of DNA Test in different research. - explain the role of sex chromosome in sex determination of human. - explain Mendel's Laws related to monohybrid cross. -introduce Genetic Technology, and its uses related to research.
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4.1 🧫 Cell Division
Cell Division Quiz Test
00:10:00
4.2 Genes & Chromosomes
4.3 RNA and DNA
Test Your Knowledge on DNA
00:10:00
🌱 Mendel’s Laws in Monohybrid Cross
Understanding Mendel’s Laws through Monohybrid Cross
00:10:00
🧬 Role of Sex Chromosomes in Sex Determination (Humans)
Test Your Understanding on Sex Determination in Humans
00:10:00
🧬 Introduction to Genetic Technology & Its Uses in Research
Test your understanding of genetic technology
00:10:00
Physiological Structure and Life Process
The human body is a complex system made up of various physiological structures that work together to sustain life. These structures include organs, tissues, and systems like the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and excretory systems. Each life process—such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli—is carried out by specialized organs and systems. These life processes are essential for: Maintaining homeostasis (internal balance), Providing energy, Removing waste, Ensuring survival and reproduction. For example: The digestive system breaks down food for energy, The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide, The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen, The nervous system helps in control and coordination. Together, these physiological structures and life processes form the foundation of biological function, allowing organisms to live, adapt, and interact with their environment.
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Human Blood Circulatory System -part 1
Test Your Understanding on Blood Circulation in the Human Body
00:10:00
HBCS – Part 2 (Blood Group & Related diseases
📝 Quiz: Blood Group & BCS-related Diseases
00:10:00
Motion and Force
After completion of this topic, the students will be able: - state the universal law of gravitation and solve numericals problems related to it. - define acceleration due to gravity and express its relation to the distance between the surface and center of earth. - introduce gravity and calculate the weight of a body. - introduce the concept of free fall. - describe the effect of air resistance on falling objects and investigate its advantage in daily life.
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Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Acceleration Due to Gravity (g)
Gravity and Weight of a Body
Free Fall
SEE QUIZ- Force and Motion
Pressure
Upon completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1.State and demonstrate Pascal's law and investigate its use in daily life. 2.Introduce upthrust in liquid and gas. 3.State and demonstrate Archimedes' principle and investigate its usein daily life.
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⚗️ Pascal’s Law
🌊 Upthrust in Liquid and Gas
⚓ Archimedes’ Principle
Heat
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1.Introduce thermal energy, heat and temperature. 2. Explain the effect of heat on the molecular motion and change in the volume of abody and investigate the importance of anomalous expansion of water. 3. Introduce specific heat capacity of different bodoies and solve simple numerical problems related to it. 4.provide a brief description of the working principles of a laboratory thermometer, a digital clinical thermometer, and a radiation thermometer; and demonstrate the calibration of a thermometer through experimentation.
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🌡️ Lesson: Heat, Temperature, and Measurement
🔹 MCQ Quiz: Heat, Temperature, and Measurement
00:07:00
Wave
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. explain the concept of wave refraction and demonstrate the laws of refraction. 2. introduce total internal reflection(TIR) of waves and explain the importance of TIR in sound and light wave applications. 3. demonstrate the dispersion of light and identify its practical applications in daily life. 4. define terms related to lenses and illustrate the laws of refraction by a lens using diagrams. 5. demonstrate the process of forming an image of an object through a lens and describe the features of the resulting image. 6.define optical power and explain the relationship between the lens and curve and its power. 7. describe the process of image formation in the human eye, accompanied by a diagram. 8. describe the types, causes, and correction of vision defects, supported by diagrams. 9. mention the effects of injury to the cornea on vision and introduce problems such as night blindness, cataracts, and colour blindness.
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1. 🌈 Lesson: Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, and Dispersion of Light
🧠 MCQ Set: Refraction, TIR, and Dispersion of Light
00:15:00
2. Lenses and Image Formation
Lenses and Image Formation
00:15:00
3. The Human Eye and Vision Defects
The Human Eye and Vision Defects
00:15:00
Electricity and Magnetism
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce direct current and alternating current. 2. demonstrate and sketch the diagram of the magnetic field formed around a straight wire and a solenoid with an electric current in them. 3. introduce magnetic lines of force and magnetic flux. 4.introduce the motor effect and describe its use in daily life. 5. mention Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and explain the working process of dynamo and generator based on it. 6. state the structure, working method, and importance of a transformer and solve simple numerical problems based on it.
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Electricity and Magnetism – Complete Concept Notes
✅ MCQ Set (25 Questions) Electricity & Magnetism
00:25:00
Universe
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. mention the importance of gravitational force in the universe. 2. describe the origin of the universe based on the Big Bang Theory. 3. state the conclusion of Hubbel's study related to the motion of heavenly bodies. 4. write about the future of the universe based on the law of gravitation.
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The Universe – Gravitational Force, Big Bang Theory & Future of the Cosmos
MCQ SET – Universe (20 Questions)
Information and Communication Technology(ICT)
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 13.1. introduce the types of signals and use of the digital signals in our everyday life. 13.2. mention the differences between bit and bytes. 13.3. explain the mecanism of digital signal transmission with examples. 13.4. discuss some responsibilities of netizens, online reputation and digital wellbeing. 13.5. discuss the importance of multimedia in the classroom.
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ICT – Digital Signals, Netizenship & Multimedia in Learning
MCQ SET – ICT
00:30:00
SEE Practice Quiz: ICT
Classification of Elements
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. demonstrate the understanding of modern periodic table. 2. describe the interrelation between the elements of certain groups and periods based on their atomic size, electropositivity, electronegativity, valency, and reactivity. 3. explain the classification of elements in the modern periodic table. 4. explain the position of metals, non-metals, and metalloids in the modern periodic table. 5. write the electronic configuration of elements up to the atomic number 20 on the basis of subshell.
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Classification of Elements — Modern Periodic Table
MCQ SET – Classification of Elements (40 Questions)
SEE MCQ Quiz :Classification of Elements
Chemical Reaction
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. describe the types of chemical reactions with examples. 2.explain and demonstrate experimentally the factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions.
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Chemical Reactions — Types and Rate of Reaction
MCQ SET: Chemical Reactions (25 Questions)
🔥 Higher-Order Thinking MCQs – Chemical Reactions
Gases
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. describe the methods of preparation of carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases in the laboratory and mention their properties. 2. describe the importance(utility) of carbon dioxide and ammonia. 3. explain the causes, effects, and control measures of acid rain. 4. describe the causes, consequences of greenhouse effects, and explain the measures to minimize the effects.
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Gases
MCQs – Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
MCQs – Ammonia (NH₃)
20 MCQs – Whole Lesson on Gases
⭐ HOTS MCQ Set – Gases
Metals and Non-Metals
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce minerals and ores. 2. tell the name of the main ores of iron, copper, silver, and aluinium. explain the process of extraction of metals from their ores briefly.
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Metals and Non-Metals
📌 SEE MCQ Quiz – Metal and Non-metal
Hydrocarbon and its compounds
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce hydrocarbon with examples. 2. write IUPAC name, molecular structure and uses of hydrocarbons having carbon atom 1 to 4. 3. differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. 4. write the types and molecular formulae of alcohol based on the number of hydroxyl group (-OH). 5. investigate the uses of alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and glycerol.
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Hydrocarbon and its compounds
SEE MCQ: Hydrocarbon and Its Compound
Chemicals Used in Daily Life
After completion of this topic, the students will be able to: 1. introduce food preservatives and tell their proper uses. 2. introduce the chemicals used for cleanliness and mention their proper uses. 3. tell the precautions to be taken while storing and using different poisonous chemicals. 4. investigate the industrial chemicals that causes chemical pollution and describe their control measures.
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Chemicals Used in Daily Life: Food Preservatives, Cleaning Chemicals, Safety Precautions & Industrial Chemical Pollution – Class 10 Science Notes
📌 MCQ Set – Chemicals Used in Daily Life
SEE MCQ: Chemicals Used in Daily Life
Class – 10 (Science and Technology)

1. Introduction to Hydrocarbons with Examples

What are Hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms.

They are the simplest and most fundamental organic compounds, and serve as the basis for all other organic substances.

Examples of Hydrocarbons

  • Methane (CH₄)

  • Ethane (C₂H₆)

  • Ethene (C₂H₄)

  • Ethyne (C₂H₂)

  • Propane (C₃H₈)

Hydrocarbons may be saturated (single bonds only) or unsaturated (double or triple bonds).

2. IUPAC Names, Molecular Structures & Uses of Hydrocarbons (C1 to C4)

2.1 Table: IUPAC Names and Structures

No. of Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbon Type Molecular Formula IUPAC Name Structural Formula Uses
1 Alkane CH₄ Methane H–C–H (4 H around C) Fuel gas, biogas
2 Alkane C₂H₆ Ethane H₃C–CH₃ LPG mixture, petrochemical industry
2 Alkene C₂H₄ Ethene H₂C=CH₂ Ripening of fruits, making plastics (polythene)
2 Alkyne C₂H₂ Ethyne HC≡CH Used in welding (oxy-acetylene flame)
3 Alkane C₃H₈ Propane H₃C–CH₂–CH₃ LPG fuel
4 Alkane C₄H₁₀ Butane H₃C–CH₂–CH₂–CH₃ LPG, cigarette lighters

Summary of Uses

  • Methane: Domestic fuel, biogas, industrial fuel

  • Ethane: Used in the petrochemical industry

  • Ethene: Fruit ripening, plastic manufacture

  • Ethyne (Acetylene): Welding, cutting metals

  • Propane & Butane: LPG, heating, cooking

3. Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbons

  • Contain only single C–C bonds

  • Known as alkanes

  • General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

  • Less reactive

  • Examples: Methane (CH₄), Ethane (C₂H₆)

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

  • Contain double (C=C) or triple (C≡C) bonds

  • Two types: Alkenes (double) and Alkynes (triple)

  • More reactive than saturated hydrocarbons

  • Examples:

    • Ethene (C₂H₄ → alkene)

    • Ethyne (C₂H₂ → alkyne)

Comparison Table

Feature Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Bonds Single bonds only At least one double or triple bond
Types Alkanes Alkenes & Alkynes
Reactivity Low High
General Formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ Alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ
Alkynes: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂

4. Types and Molecular Formulae of Alcohols Based on Number of Hydroxyl Groups (-OH)

Alcohols are organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to carbon atoms.

4.1 Types of Alcohols

Type of Alcohol Description General Formula Example
Monohydric Alcohol Contains 1 hydroxyl group (-OH) CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH Methanol (CH₃OH), Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
Dihydric Alcohol Contains 2 hydroxyl groups (-OH) CₙH₂ₙ(OH)₂ Ethylene glycol (C₂H₄(OH)₂)
Trihydric Alcohol Contains 3 hydroxyl groups (-OH) CₙH₂ₙ₋₁(OH)₃ Glycerol / Glycerin (C₃H₅(OH)₃)

5. Uses of Alcohols: Methanol, Ethanol, and Glycerol

5.1 Methanol (CH₃OH) – Uses

  • Used as an industrial solvent

  • Used to make dyes, medicines, and resins

  • Used as antifreeze in vehicles

  • Used in biodiesel production

  • Toxic—cannot be consumed

5.2 Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) – Uses

  • Used in alcoholic beverages (in regulated quantities)

  • Used as a solvent in perfumes, paints, and medicines

  • Used as a fuel (ethanol-blended petrol)

  • Used in hand sanitisers (70% ethanol)

  • Used in thermometers

5.3 Glycerol / Glycerin (C₃H₅(OH)₃) – Uses

  • Used in soaps and shampoos

  • Used in cosmetics and moisturisers

  • Used as a sweetening agent in the food industry

  • Used in pharmaceutical syrups

  • Used to make explosives (nitroglycerin)

Conclusion (SEO-Friendly)

Hydrocarbons and their derivatives form the foundation of organic chemistry. Understanding their classification, IUPAC naming (C1–C4), and differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons builds strong conceptual clarity for SEE/NEB students. The study of alcohols, their types, and their applications helps learners relate chemistry to real-life uses in medicines, fuels, cosmetics, and industries.

Practice : SEE MCQ: Hydrocarbon and Its Compound

You Can Also Read:

  1. Electricity and Magnetism – Complete Concept Notes
  2. The Universe – Gravitational Force, Big Bang Theory & Future of the Cosmos
  3. Classification of Elements — Modern Periodic Table
  4. Metals and Non-Metals: Minerals, Major Metal Ores & Extraction
  5. Class – 10 (Science and Technology)
  6. Class 11 Physics (NEB) – Complete Course with Notes, Numericals, and MCQs
  7. CDC library online
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