Echoes Within

“Echoes Within — Learning. Thinking. Sharing.”

Course Content
Physics
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] Physics (15 Marks) 1.Units and Dimensions, 2.Scalar and Vectors, 3.Motion, 4.Friction, 5.Simple Machines, 6.Source of Energy, 7.Work, Energy, Power, 8.Circular Motion, 9.Gravitation, 10.Hydrostatics, 11.Pressure, 12.Heat and Temperature, 13.Quantity of Heat, 14.Thermal Expansion, 15.Transfer of Heat, 16.Waves, 17.Sound, 18.Reflection, 19.Refraction, 20.Spherical mirrors and Lenses, 21.Prism, 22.Human Eye, 23.Microscope, 24.Telescope, 25.Magnets, 26.Electrolysis, 27.Transformer, 28.Electromagnetic induction, 29.Magnetic Effect, 30.Electricity, 31.Astronomy, 32.Zeology
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Chemistry
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] Chemistry (15 marks) 1.General and Language of Chemistry Atoms, Ion, Molecule, Elements, Compounds, Radicals, Valency, Commercial names of compounds, Types of Chemical reaction, Methods of mixture 2.Periodic Table 3.Structure of atom 4.Avogadroe's number and mole concept 5.Chemical bond: Ionic, Covalent and Co-ordinate covalent bond 6.Electrolysis 7.Acid, bace and salt 8.Metals and Metallurgy 9.Non metals and some important gases(H2, N2, O2, NH3, CO2) 10.Organic Chemistry 11.Chemistry in service of Mankind (Plastic, Glass, Cements, Ceramics, Fertilizers, Fibres, Pesticides, Soap and detergents) 12.Environmental Pollution 13.Hardness of water
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Biology -Botany
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] Biology (15 marks) Botany 1.Introduction to botany and its branches 2.Classification: ( Fungi, Plantae, Monera) 3.Cell and Cell division 4. Genetics 5.Adaptation of plants 6.Life cycle of mushroom and fern 7.Environmental Pollution
Biology – Zoology
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] Biology (15 marks) Zoology 1. Introduction to zoology and its branches. 2. Classification: Protista and Animalia 3. Life Cycle of Silkworm, Honeybee and Mosquito with their economic importance 4. Organic Evolution 5. Human Body system (Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Excretory, Nervous, Glandular: Endocrine System and Skeletal) 6.Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual 7. Cromosomes and sex-determination 8.Adaptation: Introduction and types
GK
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] GK and IQ (10 marks) GK: 1.History and Geography 2. Civic sense and polity 3. Economy 4.Science and Technology 5. Culturelanguage and literature 6. Sports 7.Current Affairs 8.Miscellaneous
IQ
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] GK and IQ (10 marks) IQ 1.Sequence and series 2. Coding and Decoding 3. Logical Expression 4. Jumble Words 5.Geometric figures 6. Miscellaneous
English
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] English (15 Marks) 1. Articles 2. Prepositions 3. Tense 4. Voice 5. Transformations 6. Question Tags 7. Concord 8. Conditional 9. Causative verbs 10. Relative Clauses 11. Conjunctions 12. Reported Speech 13. Literary figures and their works 14. Synonyms/ Antonyms
Mathematics
As syllabus for Grade XI Entrance Examination (Science)-2081 [Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya] Maths (20 Marks) 1. Set and Algebra: a. Set, b. Function, c. Polynomial, d. Sequence and series, e. HCF and LCM, f. Surds, g. Indices, h. Rational fractions, i. Equation 2. Arithmetics: a. Percentage b. Time and work c. Profit and Loss, discount and VAT d. Simple and compound interest e. Compound depreciation and population growth. 3. Mensuration a. Area of triangle and quadrilaterals b. Area and volume of cylinder, cone, sphere, prism, and pyramid 4.Geometry a Properties or theorems on triangle, parallelogram and circle 5. Statistics and probability a. Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, quartiles) b. Probability 6. Trigonometry
Bridge Course for NEB 11 Science (Post-SEE)

In Light: Part 1, here is a clear and concise summary note for the “Light 1. Reflection & 2. Refraction”, designed especially for SEE graduates preparing for the NEB Grade 11 Science entrance exam.

🔦 Summary Note: Light – 1. Reflection of Light

Light 1 - Reflection

📘 Definition of Light:

Light is a form of energy that enables us to see objects. It travels in a straight line and does not require a medium for its propagation.


🔁 Reflection of Light:

Reflection is the bouncing back of light rays when they strike a smooth surface like a mirror.


🌟 Types of Reflection:

  1. Regular Reflection:

    • Occurs on smooth, polished surfaces (e.g., mirror).

    • Produces clear images.

  2. Irregular (Diffuse) Reflection:

    • Occurs on rough surfaces.

    • Scatters light in different directions.

    • No clear image is formed.

Light 1 -Reflection


🔑 Laws of Reflection:

  1. First Law:
    The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

  2. Second Law:
    The angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r).
    👉 i = r


🪞 Important Terms:

Term Description
Incident Ray The ray of light falling on the surface
Reflected Ray The ray of light bouncing back
Point of Incidence The point where the incident ray strikes the surface
Normal A perpendicular line drawn to the surface at the point of incidence
Angle of Incidence (i) The angle between the incident ray and the normal
Angle of Reflection (r) The angle between the reflected ray and the normal

📌 Characteristics of Images Formed by Plane Mirror:

  • Always virtual and erect

  • Image size = Object size

  • The image is laterally inverted

  • The image appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object is in front


🔍 Applications of Reflection:

  • Mirrors (in vehicles, dressing rooms)

  • Periscopes and kaleidoscopes

  • Optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes

🌈 Summary Note: Light –2. Refraction of Light

📘 What is Refraction?

Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another with a different optical density (e.g., air to water).


🔑 Cause of Refraction:

Refraction occurs because light changes speed when moving between materials with different densities:

  • Light slows down when entering a denser medium (e.g., air → glass)

  • Light speeds up when entering a rarer medium (e.g., glass → air)


📐 Important Terms:

Term Definition
Incident Ray A ray of light falling on the surface
Refracted Ray Ray bending inside the second medium
Normal Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence
Angle of Incidence (i) Between the incident ray and the normal
Angle of Refraction (r) Between the refracted ray and the normal
Optical Density The ability of a medium to slow down light

📏 Laws of Refraction:

  1. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane.

  2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant:
    👉 Snell’s Law:

    sin⁡i/sin⁡r=μ

    where μ is the refractive index of the second medium.


🧪 Refractive Index (μ):

It is a measure of how much a medium slows down the speed of light.

μ=Speed of light in vacuum (c)/Speed of light in medium(v)


🌟 Effects of Refraction:

  • A coin in water appears raised

  • A pencil appears bent in water

  • Objects in water appear closer than they are

  • Formation of rainbows, lens effects, and mirages


🔍 Rules to Remember:

  • Light bends towards the normal when entering a denser medium

  • Light bends away from the normal when entering a rarer medium

  • When light enters perpendicularly, it does not bend


🔬 Applications:

  • Lenses (in glasses, microscopes, cameras)

  • Optical fibers

  • Prisms

  • Corrective vision (eyeglasses)

🔍 You Can Also Read:

Light: Part 2

🔊 Sound

SEE Result: New Possibilities and Uncertainties for Students’ Future Careers in Nepal

How to Choose the Right Stream After SEE in Nepal

CDC